Retaining walls are fundamental in geotechnical and structural engineering, yet their design often involves conservative assumptions that...

Most swarm intelligence algorithms allow parallelization when computing the objective function. Each particle can be assigned to each worker to call the solver and return the individual objective value. The algorithm can be explained: MATLAB parfor function [x,f] = jaya_parallel(x,f,lb,ub,nPop,nVar,maxIt) for it = 1:maxIt % --- Step 1: find best/worst [f_best, idx_best] = min(f); [f_worst, idx_worst] = max(f); x_best = x(idx_best,:); x_worst = x(idx_worst,:); newx = z

Adisorn Owatsirwong, D.Eng. This equivalent nodal force is opposite to Fixed-end reactions and written in the element force calculation as follows. {Fe} = [ke]{u} - {q} {q} = Equivalent nodal force When assembling the element stiffness, those {q} are summed into the global load vector {F}, i.e. {F} + {Q}= [K]{u} [F] = Nodal applied load {Q} = Sum of equivalent nodal load vector [K] = The global stiffness of the structure MATLAB Code (case qe = q) function feq = eqv_load_dro