Keywords: Sheet-pile wall · Retaining wall · Metaheuristic optimization · Cost minimization · Reliability-based design · Multiobjective...

1. Inspiration: Nature’s Hierarchy and Intelligence Greywolf's Hunting Mechanism (source: S. Mirjalili) The Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) ,...

Adisorn O. | ALPS Consultants 📌 The Problem with Traditional Methods Anchored sheet pile (SP) walls are typically designed using...

Retaining walls remain a core element in geotechnical engineering, but their design has often relied on manual iterations, conservative...